Having this in mind, systems for continuous monitoring such as teeth-tattoos or implants, contact lenses, and watches or skin-tattoos, which do not cause skin irritation have the highest chance of implementation.
The ideal system from the user’s point of view should be painless, should not necessitate constant maintenance, provide measurement along the way of other daily activities, and present the results in an easy to understand fashion. Many promising systems never reach the market, or are withdrawn from it, due to inconvenient handling, painful sampling or irritation caused during usage or even because of incomprehensible ways of presentation of the results. The reluctance of people to make changes to their lifestyle, which could potentially prevent diabetes, also extends to the analysis and control of blood sugar levels in patients already diagnosed with the disease. Addressing this problem the World Health Day 2016 entitled “Beat diabetes” was devoted to this disease.
(12-14) The WHO estimates that 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes in 2012, with additional 2.2 million related to higher-than-normal blood glucose levels. Regardless the cause of the disease, the complications related to elevated glucose levels are equal for both types and include damage of capillary blood vessels which, depending on the location, can lead to loss of vision (35% of diabetic patients suffer from retinopathy), kidney problems (80% end-stage renal disease caused by diabetes), cardiovascular disease (2–3 times higher prevalence rate than nondiabetic), nonhealing wounds (1.5–3.5 of lower limb amputations per 1000 diabetic persons per year) and neurological conditions. as well as administration of small molecule pharmaceuticals. As the second type is often associated with behavioral and environmental risk factors treatment is in most cases based on lifestyle changes, such as change of diet, exercise, etc. Apart from that, the strain induced on beta cells can result in their permanent failure. In type 2, persistent overexposure to glucose leads to diminished sensitivity of the organism to insulin. This type requires insulin treatment (insulin triggers liver and skeletal muscle to take up and store glucose). Not counting gestational diabetes, which is a transient state often ending together with the delivery, two types of diabetes are distinguished: Type 1 is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system wrongly identifies and attacks pancreatic beta cells responsible for the production of insulin. According to a recent report by the World Health Organization (WHO), (12) around 422 million people around the world suffer from this illness, 90% of whom are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The interest behind glucose monitoring is of course related to diabetes, a chronic, metabolic disease resulting in abnormal levels of blood glucose.
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